Radical Routes Toolkit - User contributions [en]

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Main Page

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== What is this wiki for, and how to use it ==
This wiki is to help you set up and maintain housing co-operatives in the UK. It was created by Radical Routes, a UK-wide network of co-operatives for radical social change.

We encourage people to get involved, not just in making housing co-ops but in developing this wiki. Currently (October 2022) It is free for all to edit, or you can contact Radical Routes Digital Working group by emailing digitalwg [at] radicalroutes.org.uk (replace the [at] with the @ symbol). If you do make edits, please remember to comment what you've edited when you save!

== Table of Contents ==
[[Housing Co-ops - What and Why?]]

[[Different types of housing co-ops]]

[[Forming a group]]

[[Legally registering as a housing coop|Legally registering as a housing co-op]]

[[Early finances, setting up a bank account, applying for tax relief]]

[[Secondary rules/Policy documents|Secondary rules]]

[[Affording a house]]

[[Buying a property: The legal process]]

[[Working on your property - maintenance and renovation]]

[[Being a landlord (at the same time as being a tenant)]]

[[Disability and Accessibility]]

[[Audit Requirements]]

Main Page

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Conflict between members

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Everybody in your co-op will have different needs, abilities and ideas and it is inevitable that at times conflict will arise. You will be investing a lot of emotional energy in the project. Resources and money may be tight. Living together throws up its own challenges. You will probably have different priorities about how money and time should be spent and different ideas of how much personal time and space you need.

Below is an introduction to thinking about, pre-empting and dealing with conflict. More detailed help can be found elsewhere. For example, Co-operatives UK have produced a set of five booklets which can be read online at <nowiki>https://www.uk.coop/resources/conflict-co-operation</nowiki>

=== Understanding conflict and ways of dealing with it ===
When people use the word conflict they often mean arguments and aggression or at least bad feeling. However, it can also be seen in a more neutral way as a situation where different people’s needs and expectations, or ways of working and communicating, seem to be incompatible. Sometimes the incompatibility is easy to identify, for example people wanting to listen to different radio stations, at other times it is harder to pin down, like having different approaches to risk taking or different ideas about what kind of behaviour is acceptable.
'''<u>A co-operative approach that values both maintaining strong relationships and finding good solutions to get around the apparent incompatibility works best in most situations.</u>'''
Sometimes people think we can avoid conflict by keeping quiet about things that are bothering us, hoping it will blow over or fearing our concerns will be considered petty. In this situation, the conflict is still there and avoiding the issue is one out of a range of strategies which we can use to deal with it. The small conflicts we brush aside often repeat, as the patterns of behaviour or underlying reasons for the conflict go unaddressed. By the time a group recognises and addresses a conflict, the problems are often larger and more complicated. At this point even talking to one another is difficult and the resulting animosity can obscure why the conflicts initially arose. '''<u>We want to change our culture so coops and individuals feel confident enough to identify and engage with conflict before it becomes a hostile situation.</u>'''

Conflict can be constructive; it can bring out new ideas and directions and, if handled well, can create better understanding and care. Conflict can be a symptom of our fears, frustrations and concerns, all valid feelings that need to be given space to be dealt with effectively. It can also trigger, and be triggered by, bigger changes in group structure and membership. This can all be positive if handled with care.

=== Co-operative approaches to dealing with conflict ===
Co-operative approaches to addressing conflict are commonly used in consensus decision making in groups. They can also be applied to conflict between individuals. They rely on people expressing their own needs and feelings, respecting those of the other person and together looking for ways of moving forward that keep everyone happy. This is based on the idea that behind the apparent incompatibility of our wishes (Fred wants Salma to do her washing up, she doesn’t want to) we have underlying common ground that can help us understand each other (Fred and Salma want to get on with work, for Fred this means having an uncluttered office, for Salma it means eating at her desk and not being interrupted in the middle of something she is working on). From this deeper understanding of common ground we can build solutions (Salma’s dirty washing up hides in the kitchen cupboard until the end of the day, when she will deal with it).

At times of heated emotion, it can be hard to find co-operative solutions, especially when the issue at stake is closer to people’s hearts than the washing up! Below are some ideas for how to pre-empt these situations and how to deal with conflict once the emotional temperature has risen.

== Pre-empting conflict ==
Thinking through potential areas of conflict early on, and processes for dealing with it, helps conflict to be prevented and dealt with productively.

Pre-emptive conversations require a level of self-awareness and experience that most people don’t have. Often conflict arises when we assume a certain behaviour is ‘normal’ (washing up our dishes straight away, for example) and it isn’t until someone does something differently that we realise there are other approaches.

Something to think about from the start is how you can create culture which makes co-operative decision making possible: for many people this involves unlearning old habits around hierarchy, competition or individualism and you shouldn’t underestimate the amount of work this takes.

Here are a few key points:

* '''<u>Set out your aims clearly.</u>''' All housing co-ops should be aiming to provide secure housing for their members at affordable rents, but does your co-op have any other fundamental aims? These might be expanding the co-op to provide more accommodation, supporting campaigns or particular social groups, home educating children or establishing a worker co-op. One co-op might require active engagement on any or all of these, for another it may choose to make them optional extras.
* '''<u>Good decision making requires openness and trust</u>''' – it’s hard to take someone’s needs into account if they don’t tell you what they are. One way of fostering this is regular social time outside of work – from a shared meal every day to a day trip every few months. Another technique is to hold regular meetings, where people give each other feedback and share feelings about the co-op.
* '''<u>Running your meetings well can avoid re-visiting decisions or resentful feelings.</u>''' Allow enough time, run them at a convenient time and in a comfortable venue, learn good facilitation skills and encourage everyone’s active participation.
* <u>'''Clear,''' '''consensually agreed secondary rules'''</u> help everyone in the co-op understand expectations on them. These also need to be open to change as the needs of the group change.
* <u>'''Explicit and defined probationary period for new members'''</u>

== When conflict happens ==
It is usually best to deal with conflict as soon as it becomes apparent, before feelings of resentment and anger have had time to settle in.

'''<u>1. Preparation</u>'''

Start by getting clear in your own mind about what you want to say. What do you think is the problem? Is it a difference of opinion or priorities, a behaviour pattern or an individual incident which has upset you? Find a way to express it that separates the behaviour from the person and uses concrete examples where possible. For example, it might not be very helpful to tell someone they are lazy and irresponsible, but you can point out that they haven’t done their share of housework for the month.

Identify how you feel about the situation and look for ways of expressing yourself which recognise that those feelings aren’t necessarily anyone else’s fault. For example, you might be disappointed that someone has different ideas about which suppliers are ethical or you might feel hurt that someone doesn’t smile and say hello when you come downstairs in the morning. If you can explain those feelings of disappointment or hurt without implying that someone is making you feel like that, you might have a greater chance of them accepting what you say.

'''<u>2. Having the conversation</u>'''

Ask the person concerned for a conversation and agree a time and a place which works for both of you. Explain your thoughts and feelings and give them space to respond. They might have their frustrations with you too, so try to create an atmosphere in which you can both accept the other’s feelings without blame and defensiveness. For example, if what you see as playful banter regularly offends someone, you can explain you didn’t intend any harm, but also to accept how they feel about it, instead of getting upset with them for having understood it differently to your intention.

'''<u>3. Next steps</u>'''

Airing and exploring your feelings might be enough to build better relations, but it is often useful to work out possible changes in behaviour. This could be done straight away or you could come back to the conversation after a cooling off period. Be as concrete as possible about what promises you are making to each other.

For example, if you say “I want you to respect me more”, there are all sorts of possible interpretations of whether that is happening or not. If you say “I want you to ask my opinion before you redesign the kitchen and to look at me when you talk to me,” it might all feel a little artificial, but at least everyone has a clear idea of what is expected of them.

If someone changes the behaviour as requested, but you feel that the fundamental problem is still there, you can always bring up the issue again. Human relationships of all kinds are always going to be work in progress and any changes you make can be seen as trying things out rather than coming to a definitive answer. You might even want to agree a time to review how things are going, so the onus isn’t on one individual to name and bring up the problem all over again.

== Mediation ==
When things do get more serious, you might want to think of options like mediation, either by people in the co-op or by trusted and possibly professional outsiders. Mediation does not require any ‘higher body’ to take sides in an argument. The mediator helps the disputing people sort out their differences and agree resolution.

Mediation is not always suitable e.g. where someone has committed a grave offence like physical violence, theft or racist or sexist bullying, but it can be used to soothe the wounds after formal procedures have taken place.

For advice on how to go about mediation: seek help from your local mediation service, from Seeds for Change or (if you are in a Radical Routes co-op) from the Radical Routes Co-op Support Group. www.rhizome.coop also offers lots of information for mediation and is developing specialist resources and training for workers’ co-ops.

== Co-op Support Group ==
For Radical Routes co-ops specifically, Co-op Support Group supports new groups through membership processes and tracks how member coops are doing, with the aim of identifying those that are experiencing difficulties or are in need of support. This helps to maintain engagement and ensure conflicts are addressed before they become damaging, helping co-ops remain pleasant and welcoming groups to be part of.

Co-op Support Group runs a confidential listening space at gatherings where anyone can talk and request help or advice. This can be the outlet needed to let go of an issue or to help clarify if further action is required. The decision to take any further action is left to the people using the space, not by CSG. We are working towards offering a confidential contact system for anyone unable to attend gatherings in the future.

Breaking down hierarchies

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=== Informal hierarchies ===
Even when a group has decided to set up as a non-hierarchical organisation in which you are all equal, you will need to work at making that a reality. In any group of people there will be differences of personality and confidence, of knowledge and experience and different levels of emotional, physical or financial investment in the project.

In themselves, these differences are not a problem, they can be what makes working together rewarding and interesting. However, you need to be aware that participating in decision-making will be easier for some people than others, and that for each person this can vary from topic to topic.

This can lead to informal hierarchies, where people with more confidence, experience or skills have a larger share of power within the co-op. For example, if only one person understands the co-op’s finances they will inevitably have more influence over a lot of decisions than other co-op members.

Avoiding or breaking down informal hierarchies needs active engagement from all members of the co-op. It requires honesty about where there are differences in confidence, skills and experience and a willingness of all members to learn and share knowledge.

=== Different levels of confidence ===
While some people are used to expressing their opinions and making their voice heard, other people may struggle with identifying their own needs and asking others to meet them. Differences can have their roots in things like age, race, class, gender and health or they may stem from other elements of life-experience. They often involve assumptions and habits that are so ingrained people don’t know they are there, so be prepared for change being a long, slow process.

However, there are some practical things you can do to help equalise people’s confidence within your co-op. Set up your meetings so that everyone gets the same chances to speak, using strong facilitation and tools like go-rounds (going round the table giving each person a chance to speak) to make it easier to participate. Be proactive about checking that the way things are organised works for everyone, especially for the people who find it harder to assert themselves. Watch your own behaviour for signs of dominance or deference and work out how you can change this. If necessary, discuss the problem the way you might in another conflict situation, trying to talk as concretely as possible about the behaviour you observe and your own feelings, but avoiding blame and accusations.

=== Valuing different skills ===
In any given co-op there are people coming from very different backgrounds and with different sets of skills. Even with a belief in human equality, people can perceive certain skills as being more prestigious or useful than others. For example, someone with a background in formal education might feel more confident to take on ‘responsible’ tasks like business planning or speaking to official outsiders, even though they may be no more capable than anyone else. This person may then find themselves regarded as more important to the co-op or more influential than other members.

Everyone must make an effort to avoid creating and enforcing such beliefs and the hierarchical systems they in turn produce.

=== Differences in experience in the co-op ===
People who have been involved longer in the co-op or who have specialist experience may automatically be seen as experts and it may be hard for other members to express different views. Co-op members shouldn’t be tempted to automatically look to the person ‘in-the-know’ for answers, but all try to understand the issue. The member in the know needs to be willing to share knowledge, perhaps giving a presentation or talking people through a particular document. Members not in the know need to try and understand pro-actively, ask questions and think issues through for themselves. This may be hard work and take longer, but is the only way to avoid informal hierarchy.

Another common issue is new members coming up with ideas and older members responding with ‘Oh, we tried that before and it didn’t work’. Co-ops need to find a balance between learning from past experience and being open to change and new ideas. It may be useful for older members to set aside their scepticism and to support the enthusiasm and ideas that new members can bring to the co-op, and older members can also bring lessons from the past attempts. It requires understanding and appreciation from new members that older members have put a lot of work and thought into the co-op and that some ways of working probably developed for good reasons.

More experienced members can support others with particular tasks for a while, but at a certain stage need to step back and leave space for people to do things unsupervised. This can feel challenging, but ultimately helps everyone to feel more trusted and so more motivated to do their part.

MediaWiki:Sidebar

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* general wiki navigation
** mainpage|mainpage-description
** Special:AllPages| All Pages
** MediaWiki:Sidebar| Edit Navigation Menu
** recentchanges-url|recentchanges
** helppage|help-mediawiki

* What are housing co-ops
** Housing_Co-ops_-_What_and_Why| Housing Co-ops, what and why
** Different_types_of_housing_co-ops| Different types of housing co-op
** Being_a_landlord_(at_the_same_time_as_being_a_tenant)| Being a tenant/landlord
** Secondary_Rules| Secondary rules

* People
** Forming_a_group| Early recruitment and decisions
** Membership_procedures| Membership procedures
** Conflict_between_members| Conflict between members
** Breaking_down_hierarchies| Breaking down hierarchies
** Disability_and_Accessibility| Disability and accessibility

* Buying and keeping house
** Affording_a_house| affording a house
** Loan_stock| Loan stock
** Buying_a_property:_The_legal_process| The buying process
** Working_on_your_property_-_maintenance_and_renovation| House maintenance and renovation

* Legal and financials
** Legally_registering_as_a_housing_coop| Legally registering as a co-op
** Early_finances,_setting_up_a_bank_account,_applying_for_tax_relief| Early finances, bank account, tax relief
** Early_finances,_setting_up_a_bank_account,_applying_for_tax_relief| Yearly audit requirements

* SEARCH
* TOOLBOX
* LANGUAGES

Legal set-up and registration

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#REDIRECT [[Legally registering as a housing coop]]

Legal terms for different types of housing co-ops

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#REDIRECT [[Different types of housing co-ops]]

Talk:Finance-getting money for a house

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#REDIRECT [[Talk:Affording a house]]

Finance-getting money for a house

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#REDIRECT [[Affording a house]]

Buying a property

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#REDIRECT [[Buying a property: The legal process]]

Talk:Housing Co-ops - What and Why?

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here is a discussion page ,for example, if I wanted to give some feedback. Anyone can edit this, which everyone can track.

Early finances, setting up a bank account, applying for tax relief

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== Start up finance ==
Somewhere between first meeting as a group and getting a property you will find you need to spend some money. It is difficult for unincorporated groups to open bank accounts so pre-registration you are likely to have to use members' personal accounts. If you keep good records of this income, and expenditure made against it, the income can be recorded as a loan to the co-op and repaid later if the project gets off the ground. These records need to include: Date; type of transaction (e.g. “subscription income”, “travel expense”, etc); who is owed or paid; and where the evidence of the transaction is kept (i.e the receipt).

You might need money for travel to meetings and workdays or for registration fees. You could have a whip round when necessary, but for people on low incomes the possibility of being asked for money unpredictably can be worrying. A 'subscription' system, where every member pays say, £5 per week into a kitty can be a good way of spreading costs, and it can help clarify who is committed to the group. Bear in mind for people on extremely low incomes Be clear about whether everyone paying subscription has been accepted for membership.

Having a pot of money which you manage together is also a good chance to practice consensus decision making as a group.

== Things co-ops have done to raise money include: ==

* Asking friends and relatives for donations
* Holding fundraisers like crowdfunding appeals, jumble sales, car boot sales or benefit gigs
* Organising sponsored events in aid of your project
* Asking local companies to make a donation to your cause
* Applying to charities. You may qualify for help from charities or other grant-making bodies. If some of your members are disabled you might be able to get money from appropriate charities or social services. Get a copy of ‘A guide to the major trusts’ published by the Directory of Social Change, or ask for it at your local reference library. This may also be a route to financial support for buying a property.

== Opening a bank account ==
Once your co-op is registered with the FCA it should open a bank account. The bank's application form will include the wording of a motion which a co-op general meeting will need to pass. Get a bank account with at least a 'dual mandate' system which means all cheques need two signatures and online payments need two authorisers.

== Getting tax relief from Corporation Tax ==

=== What it is ===
Fully mutual housing co-ops gets tax advantages and it is very important that you apply for these as soon as possible.

Once approved you can disregard all the rental income from members when calculating your taxable turnover. In other words, you don't pay any tax on rents paid from members to the co-op. This tax relief only applies to rent from members.

This tax exemption is a big advantage of the mutual structure, enabling the co-op to save up to carry out major improvements or buy another house. In the simplest terms, in a conventional worker co-op or company, any income that is not spent is taxed. Fully mutual housing co-ops don't pay tax on their main source of income, so it is easier to build up your cash in the bank.

This exemption is only available to housing co-ops that have rules that restrict:

* All tenancies of the Co-operative to members, and all membersips to tenants or prospective tenants of the Co-operative. If you have non-member tenants then you are disobeying your rules and will not be eligible to this exemption.
If you have other income. like rent from an office, loan stock or bank interest, then you must pay tax on this. You must also disregard any interest paid from these tax deductible expenses (ie the interest from a loan related to a property that has tenancies). In other words you can't reduce your tax bill by using mortgage interest.
=== How to apply ===
Before your co-op starts to have money moving in or out of its bank account, write a letter to HMRC asking to be granted approval for tax relief. State that your company is entitled to exemption from corporation tax under the [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/4/section/642 CTA 2010 act section 642]. As accompanying evidence, enclose a copy of your fully mutual rules and your registration certificate. They may send you a form to fill in and send back. Once they have processed your form, they should send you a certificate to show you are exempt.

If you use an accountant, you should show them copies of all of this. Particularly if your accountant is not experienced in dealing with housing co-operatives, they may not know about the tax relief.

=== Exemption from filing corporation tax ===
You will need to apply to HMRC seperately to get exemption from filing corporation tax. Write to HMRC stating that you have to pay no or very little tax, but the cost of filling in the form is disproportionately expensive.

You should list all your taxable income. Very early on this may not be very much at all, later it may include:

* bank interest (it is worth checking ig this has already been taxed at source)
* loanstock insterest
* rent of a community space if you buy a property that has community space to rent out

Point out in your letter that you cannot use the free filling software offered by HMRC. This service is called [https://www.gov.uk/guidance/corporation-tax-use-hmrcs-free-filing-software CATO (Companies And Tax Online]) and it currently doesn't allow you to enter non taxable income. This means you would need to use an accountant or buy specific Corporation Tax filing software, unless HMRC grants you an exemption

They often give 5 year exemptions on filing corporation tax, after which you will need to re-apply for this exemption.

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/corporation-tax-trading-and-non-trading

=== Capital Gains Tax ===
A fully mutual housing co-op is also eligible for exemption from all capital gains tax. Capital gains are the increase in value of the property that your co-op owns.

For example, if you buy a house for £60,000, and then sell it a few years later for £100,000, the capital gain of £40,000 [minus inflation] is not taxable, which it would be if the co-op was a workers’ co-operative/company/non-mutual body.

Audit Requirements

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An audit is a check that you have kept proper accounts, performed by an accountant who has been approved as an auditor by the government. In recent years the requirements have been relaxed, and it means that many small housing co-ops will '''not''' now need an external audit. In practice, many still have their accounts prepared by an accountant – it is often useful – but this will be up to the members to decide, and you may not need to use an accountant who has been approved as a registered auditor.

At the end of the financial year you must complete, and send to the registrar, an annual return. At the time of writing this is the AR30, which you can find on the FCA website and can be completed online or on paper. If you can understand and fill this in without finding it too complicated, then you might not need to employ an accountant, or may be able to find a friendly person with bookkeeping knowledge to help you with accounts and annual returns.

{{mbox
|text=The figures here change sometimes. We last checked August 2022. You can find this information on [https://www.fca.org.uk/firms/registered-societies-introduction/changes-audit-requirements-registered-societies the FCA website]
}}

==Avoiding audit requirements==
A vote must be taken every year by the members to decide whether or not to have a full audit. This resolution must be passed with a larger majority than your usual resolutions. To avoid an audit:

*less than 20% of the total votes cast can be against the resolution
*and
*less than 10% of the members of the society entitled to vote cast their votes can be against the resolution

For example, in a small co-op of less than 10 people, any one vote against can force the co-op to have an audit. This is fair enough, since an external audit is a good way of guarding against possible fraud, and can be useful in terms of assessing how the co-op is doing financially. If you're governing by consensus anyway, this should be achievable, it just means the default is to have an audit, and it needs full consensus to stop it.

Accounts and audits are useful tools which should be valuable for the co-op’s members/tenants.

Whether you need an audit, and what type of audit you need depends on your turnover and your total assets. The turnover is all the income you get in the year, before expenses are taken out. Your assets are how much you own, including value of property, investments, money owed to you and cash in the bank.

==Audit requirements you can and can't avoid==
Societies:

*with turnover less than £5000, fewer than 500 members, and assets less than £5000 of value can appoint a lay auditor instead of a qualified auditor, as long as their rules permit
*with turnover less than £90,000 do not need to be audited; their accounts and annual return can be signed by the secretary and committee members. They still have to agree not to have a full audit, as discussed above.
*their accounts and annual return can be signed by the secretary and committee members. They still have to agree not to have a full audit, as discussed above.
* with turnover between £90,000 and £350,000 can agree as described above to avoid needing a full audit. They will still need a report completed by a registed auditor, but this is not as comprehensive as a full audit and so will cost less.
The following societies will need a full professional audit each year:
*with turnover over £5.6million, or assets more than 2.8million, will need a full audit whatever the co-op agrees
*registered Housing Associations in England, Wales and Scotland (currently "registered providers of social housing")
*a subsidiary of another society, or a society that has subsidiaries
*a society that holds a deposit or has done so at any time since the end of the preceding year of account (unless the deposit was withdrawable share capital)
The FCA can force any co-op to have an audit.

==Lay audits==
If you are a small co-op, or if you haven’t acquired property yet, you may be exempt from the auditing requirements, and simply need a lay audit (provided your rules allow it). This means that two persons who are not qualified auditors and not members or officers of the society, or partners, employees or employers of officers can inspect the accounts and declare them to be sound and sign them.

This applies to societies with all of the following:

*receipts and payments of £5,000 or less
* no more than 500 members
*assets less than £5,000 of value

This can occur quite often. The co-op might be set up and plans for buying etc, then either fall through or take longer than expected. If your co-op has been inactive for a year, then you will probably satisfy the above conditions.

Lay auditors have to be completely separate from the co-op (no members, or relations of members), and you need at least two of them. Basically, prepare a summary of your accounts for the year and then the lay auditors should have a look at them and if necessary check things with your records for the year.

When they are satisfied that the summary is true, they should sign an ‘auditors report’ such as:

“We have audited the accounts of _____ Housing Co-op Ltd, and confirm that the above is a fair and true statement of income and expenditure for the period _____ , and of its financial standing at the end of that period, and is in compliance with the requirements of the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 and the Friendly and Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1968.”

This should then also be signed by the co-op secretary and two members and sent in with your Annual Return.

Secondary Rules

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We recommend gathering important decisions/agreements into a single document for easy reference. In Radical Routes co-ops we tend to call these “secondary rules”

The secondary rules are a living document that can be changed (by agreement of the members!) as and when you need to. Some co-ops review theirs annually or when a new member joins.

Secondary rules can cover things like

* work commitment (how much time people should spend on co-op work)
* authorising spending
* shared meals
* pets
* meetings
* membership restrictions eg. Is your co-op open only to a specific minority group?
* vegan/non-vegan spaces
* how you use communal spaces (TV? Loud music?)
* joining procedures

Some groups like to have lots of rules, some just a few. There is no right or wrong about this so long as the intention behind them is that the group can get along together with respect and understanding.

The discussion and agreement of these rules can be really useful for new groups when they are imagining living together and very informative for new people thinking of joining a group.

Looking at other co-ops' secondary rules might be a useful place to start thinking about what you would like your own to be. Radical Routes' member co-ops have their secondary rules on the members area of the RR website so you can look there for ideas if you are part of the network.

Vision Boarding

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Knowing what you want out of a housing situation helps you to get what you want. Here are some prompts to help you consider what is important to you in where and how you live.

Some of these prompts may be very important to you, and others may not matter to you at all. Starting out as a single person, you might only have one or two things that matter to you. As more people get involved you will start talking about what is key to the group as a whole. This will be an evolving discussion.

File:Fontawesome-fish.svg

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== Summary ==
A fish icon from Font Awesome

Loan stock

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One of the advantages of being a Co-operative Society is that co-ops can run and publicly advertise 'loan stock schemes' (sometimes written as one word, "loanstock"). Loan stock is a way of raising private arrangement finance, usually from individuals (including group members) and other co-ops.

Buying a property section is the most common reason for using a loan stock scheme, though loan stock can be issued at other times. Co-ops might issue loan stock to build an extension, to do extraordinary maintenance or to refinance.

Loanstock can be relatively short term, and interest is often cumulative, so compared with a [[Finance-getting money for a house#Mortgage|mortgage]] at the same interest rate, it will cost you more over time. You can get around this by paying the interest annually if your cash flow can support this. On the other hand, you don't need to pay it every month, so it has a beneficial effect on your early years cash flow, when finances are often at their tightest. Investors can also choose to reduce or waive the interest when signing the loanstock certificate.

Dealing with other people's money is a matter of serious and continuous responsibility, but with adequate attention it is not difficult to master the process of managing a loan stock scheme.

=== Other ways of affording a house ===
Loan stock is one of several possible ways for a co-op to raise funds; for others see the [[Finance-getting money for a house|Affording a House]] For some coops trying to raise the deposit on a property, loan stock is the only means but full members of Radical Routes would also be eligible for a Radical Routes loan. Loan stock is the only sort of loan a co-op can advertise for without being regulated in the same way as banks.

=== Getting ready to start a loanstock scheme ===
A well-subscribed loanstock scheme is useful in convincing other potential lenders that you already have a certain level of support and are not undertaking the venture entirely on your own. If you can raise enough this way it is possible to buy a property solely with loan stock.

To confirm loan arrangements in advance, give potential lenders a form with which they promise, on notice, to invest an amount when you most need it. You can start collecting such pledges before registration is complete but do not accept loans or issue loan stock certificates until you are registered.

The continual issues of loan stock is not allowed – you will need to set a start and end date for each period during which the co-op is accepting loan stock.

Beware of receiving loan stock funds before you need them – house purchases can drag on for months and your co-op will be liable for interest payments agreed during this time whether or not you have any rental income. It may be that you can put the funds into a high interest bank account to cover this, but this won't be the case during times of low interest rates.

=== Considerations while looking for investors ===
It's important to be careful about how you advertise a loan stock issue. You have to make it clear that it is an unsecured form of loan, and there's no guarantee the money will be paid back if the co-op fails. Normally, if everything goes wrong, loan stock investors are among the last people to be paid on the sale of the co-ops assets. If the house has dropped in value, or there's a failure early on, there may not be enough money to repay all investors.

Purchasing loan stock does not give investors extra status within the co-operative. The ownership of loan stock is totally separate matter from membership of the co-op. Non-members who own loan stock are not permitted to have any influence at all in the running of the co-operative. It is important that this is clearly stated at the outset and repeated when necessary, or relations between members and investors, who could well be family or friends, may become strained.

Loans can be made by institutions as well as individuals. If an institution is looking for an ethical financial investment, it is possible that you could offer them a rate of interest as high as any they could find elsewhere. It would be worth spending time researching this area as some of the more socially progressive charities could be sympathetic to investing money in a co-operative housing project.

=== What loanstock documentation is needed ===
Clear and detailed records of all loanstock transactions must be scrupulously kept.

Loan stock certificates are a legal document which guarantees the conditions of the loan. These are issued to lenders as a receipt for their money. The certificate, which can be impressed with the seal of the co-operative, is proof of the loan and stipulates the terms and conditions. This includes the agreed percentage of interest to be paid by the co-operative and the duration of the loan.

The loan stock register should record the copies and details of the loan stock certificates you issue.

Remember that money loaned to the co-operative must also appear in the co-operative's accounts.

HMRC (the government's tax collection authority) may ask for a list of your investors with details of the interest they receive. You must send them a list of all investors receiving more than £250 interest in any one year.

=== Budgeting for loanstock repayment ===
You must factor all loan and interest repayment schedules into your budgeting.

Repayment can be made on a fixed date, say 31 December 2025, or to a fixed schedule, such as three equal installments on agreed dates after 31 December 2025. Having one annual date on which you add interest and repay loans, which matches your accounting year end keeps things relatively simple for the co-op's bookkeeping. However, lots of small repayments over a wide spread of dates can be preferable to lots of money all going out at the same time.

Interest is often set at 0% to 5% per annum, leaving investors free to choose the rate they prefer within these parameters; set them differently if you wish. A lot of lenders really do choose to waive the interest. Alternatively, interest can be linked to an index, such as the Retail Price Index or the Property Price Index, but this has the disadvantage of making financial forecasting for your co-op harder since you never know quite how much interest you will need to pay over the period of the loan.

Your co-operative can offer interest rates competitive with commercial banks, but can organise its own terms of repayment. Interest rates on loan stock may be varied annually, but such alterations must be agreed at a General Meeting of the co-operative. All conditions covering loan stock issues must be published with the loanstock issue and supplied to investors at the time of issue.
[[Category:Funding Sources]]

User:Sim.valji

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Sim is one of the toolkit developers.

Template:Quote/doc

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{{Documentation subpage}}

== Usage ==

{{tlx|Quote}} adds a block quotation to a page.

This is easier to type and more wiki-like than the equivalent HTML {{tag|blockquote}} tags, and has additional pre-formatted attribution and source parameters. 

=== Synopsis ===

;Unnamed (positional) parameters
<code><nowiki>{{quote|phrase|person|source}}</nowiki></code>
This markup will fail if any parameter contains an equals sign (=).

;Numbered (positional) parameters
<code><nowiki>{{quote|1=phrase|2=person|3=source}}</nowiki></code>

;Named parameters
<code><nowiki>{{quote|text=phrase|sign=person|source=source}}</nowiki></code>

=== Example ===

;Wikitext:
<code><nowiki>{{Quote|text=Cry "Havoc" and let slip the dogs of war.|sign=William Shakespeare|source=''Julius Caesar'', act III, scene I}}</nowiki></code>

;Result:
{{Quote|text=Cry "Havoc" and let slip the dogs of war.|sign=William Shakespeare|source=''Julius Caesar'', act III, scene I}}

=== Restrictions ===

If you do not provide quoted text, the template generates a parser error message, which will appear in red text in the rendered page.

If any parameter's actual value contains an equals sign (=), you '''''must''''' use named parameters. (The equals sign gets interpreted as a named parameter otherwise.)

If any parameter's actual value contains characters used for wiki markup syntax (such as pipe, brackets, single quotation marks, etc.), you may need to escape it. See [[Template:!]] and friends.

Be wary of URLs which contain restricted characters. The equals sign is especially common.

=== Multiple paragraphs ===

<div style="float: right; padding: 0 1em;">{{navbar|Blockquote paragraphs|plain=y}}</div>
The {{tag|blockquote|o}} element and any templates that use it do not honor newlines:
{{markup
|<nowiki><blockquote>
Line 1
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</blockquote></nowiki>
|<blockquote>
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}}

To resolve this, use the {{xtag|poem}} tag inside {{tag|blockquote|o}}:
{{markup
|<nowiki><blockquote><poem>
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</poem></blockquote></nowiki>
|<blockquote><poem>
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</poem></blockquote>
}}

== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}
<templatedata>{
"description": "Adds a block quotation.",
"params": {
"text": {
"label": "text",
"description": "The text to quote",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"aliases": [ "1", "quote" ]
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"type": "string",
"required": false,
"aliases": [ "2", "cite" ]
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"type": "string",
"required": false,
"aliases": [ "3" ]
}
}
}</templatedata>

== See also ==
{{Quotation templates see also}}

<includeonly>

[[Category:Quotation templates|Quote]]
[[Category:Semantic markup templates]]
</includeonly>

Template:Xtag

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<onlyinclude>{{#if:{{yesno|{{{plain|}}}}}||
{{#if:{{yesno|{{{wrap|}}}}}||
<templatestyles src="Template:Nowrap/styles.css" />
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}}{{#if:{{yesno|{{{plain|}}}}}||
</code>
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{{Documentation}}

Template:Quotation templates see also

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Similar templates comparison:

* {{tl|Quote}} – quote without border, page-wide, smaller-sized attribution
* {{tl|Quotation}} – quote with border, page-wide
* {{tl|Cquote}} – pull-quote between graphic quotation marks, page-wide
* {{tl|talk quotation}} – talk-page inline quotation

* [[:Category:Quotation templates]] – more templates<noinclude>
==Usage==

This template can be added in the "See also" section of the main templates of [[:Category: Quotation templates]]. There are no parameters:

<PRE>
==See also==

{{Quotation templates see also}}
</PRE>

The section can provide more information, preferably in the same format with intro, such as:

<PRE>
==See also==

Direct variants:

* [[Template:SameName2]] – identical but with italic text
* [[Template:SameName3]] – identical but with bold text

{{Quotation templates see also}}

Useful related templates:

* [[Template:Smaller-begin]] – header for smaller font
* [[Template:Smaller-end]] – footer for smaller font
</PRE>

[[Category:Quotation templates| ]]

</noinclude>

Template:TemplateDataHeader

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#REDIRECT [[Template:TemplateData header]]

Template:Markup/row/en

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Template:Markup

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Template:)

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<onlyinclude>{</onlyinclude>
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Template:Tag

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{{#if:{{{plain|}}}|
|<code class="mw-highlight" style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap}}">
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Template:Quote

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{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Talk:Affording a house

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Darael: 2 revisions imported

This sentence in "projecting your cashflow" is not intuitive to understand:
> Though, sometimes good opportunities come up to rent property for less than a co-op can raise in income from the property. This can help the co-op to build up capital for a future purchase (or for whatever they prioritise).

Any suggestions on how to improve it?

Different types of housing co-ops

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Darael: 11 revisions imported

There are different options for various bits of a housing co-operative's legal structure, which reflect different values and practical choices.

This wiki is specifically for co-ops which are:
*Fully Mutual
*Par-Value
*In Common Ownership
*Managed by General Meeting
Radical Routes has found this to be the most useful and ethically preferred model for housing. Here's an explanation of what those terms mean, and the terms for some of the alternative options.
===Fully Mutual===
All tenants are members of the housing co-op and all members are either tenants or prospective tenants. This means that no one who doesn't live (or plan to live) in the co-op has any say over decision-making, and everyone who does live there has a say in decision-making.
====Why a co-op might not want to be fully mutual====
Some co-ops might decide not to be fully mutual because they wish to have members who are not tenants, for example:
*Founding members who no longer live there.
*Representatives from a particular organisation (e.g. a spiritual or political group) or local community.
*Representatives from the local authority or housing association. They might feel this is appropriate if they are a registered social landlord or are managing council or housing association property.
*They do not want to share the responsibilities of managing the co-op, for example if the co-op also operates as a hostel or therapeutic community.
{{simplebox
| title = Radical Routes recommends
| content = Radical Routes recommends fully mutual – all tenants and only tenants (and prospective tenants) have control over the co-op.
| icon = fontawesome-fish.svg
}}

==='''Par Value Shares'''===
Par value means “same value”. All shares in the co-op are always worth the same value, usually a nominal £1. The value of the shares a member holds is usually the limit of the member's liability should things go wrong (a good reason for incorporating in the first place).

It is not necessarily restricted to just one share, but many housing co-op rules (including the Radical Routes housing co-op rules) do not permit the withdrawal of shares. In other words, you buy a share when you join (probably for £1) and you don't get the money back when you leave. So there's not much point in buying more than one share.

It is this type of co-op (with non-withdrawable shares) which is sometimes known as a 'par value' co-op.

Ensuring everyone has the same “par value” share supports the democratic basis of “one member, one vote”. In co-ops which are not par value, there is a danger that those who have invested more in the co-op through shares have greater sway over decision making.
====Alternatives to par value shares====
If your shares change in value, they are not par value. This would be meaningless if they weren’t also withdrawable.

For example, mutual home ownership societies are housing co-ops that allow you to increase your share ownership with a portion of your rent, and withdraw that share when you leave. The value of the share (and cost of the rent) is tied to average income (and personal income).

In other models, shares might be tied directly to market value.

Shares in co-ops cannot be transferable, so traditional company models of share ownership are not an option.

{{simplebox
| title = Radical Routes recommends
| content = Radical Routes recommends par value co-ops – the amount of money you put into the co-op does not dictate your control over the co-op.
| icon = fontawesome-fish.svg
}}

=== Common Ownership ===
This wiki focuses on housing in '''common ownership''', as this is what [http://www.radicalroutes.org.uk/ Radical Routes] recommends. Despite the similar sounding name, common ownership is distinct from co-ownership.

====Common Ownership of Co-op Assets====
Common ownership is where the assets of the co-operative are held in trust for future generations. Members of the co-operative benefit from their use while being a member, but they do not individually gain financially from them by selling the assets, as they can in co-ownership. The ownership of houses and land cannot be divided up among the members. The property remains in common ownership from generation to generation of members and if the co-operative is dissolved the assets must be passed to another co-op or not-for profit organisation with similar aims and principles. This must be specified in the co-operative's registered rules.

==== The Alternative - Co-ownership ====
In co-ownership each member owns a share of the property and receives a share of the (likely increased) value of the property if the co-operative is discontinued. In some circumstances, members can be liable for debts incurred by the co-operative.

Most banks and building societies prefer an element of co-ownership when they grant a mortgage, and some banks may insist on each member personally guaranteeing mortgage repayments. A few places, like as [[wikipedia:Ecology_Building_Society|Ecology Building Society]] or [[wikipedia:Triodos_Bank#Criteria_for_lending|Triodos]], are willing to lend to fully mutual housing cooperatives without these restrictions. Radical Routes has up-to-date information on who is lending money and on what terms. Instead of using mainstream banks, it is best to find another bank or building society, or you will each void your liability of £1 and, if things go wrong, may lose some or all of your money linked to the guarantee.

The main problem is that when members leave they generally want to take their share of the capital (the value of property owned by the co-op) with them, particularly if they are hoping to use the money to buy their own place. Unless the co-op's rules specifically prevent it, this would take into account any increase in the market value of the property. The co-op then needs new members who can replace the capital taken out by their predecessors in order to buy their share of the property. This means the cost of joining the co-op tends to reflect (or at least rise in line with) the wider property market, making it very expensive and not accessible for those on low to medium incomes.

This is obviously a disadvantage to anyone wanting to join who can't afford, but it can also damage the co-op. If the co-op can only afford to accept new members with enough money to buy-in, they may accept members who are not really suitable for the group.

{{simplebox
| title = Radical Routes recommends
| content = Radical Routes recommends co-ownership - it shouldn't be possible for individuals to profit from shared property, and that property should stay shared forever.
| icon = fontawesome-fish.svg
}}
===Governance===
====Management by General Meeting (GM)====
A General Meeting is a meeting which all members of the co-op are expected to attend. “Management by General Meeting” means that most talk and decisions about the co-op will happen at these meetings, so that all members can be involved and have their say.

This would include looking at maintenance, the co-op’s finances, rental income, membership issues, legal obligations, etc. Many co-ops hold monthly General Meetings, though they can be more or less often depending on the co-ops needs.

The General Meeting has overall responsibility, but you may decide to delegate some tasks or decisions to individuals or smaller groups, for example, by choosing a rent officer, or a secretary, or a maintenance team. If this happens, you should make sure to check in with these groups or individuals at future meetings. A General Meeting can also employ staff, though this is not common in General Meeting housing co-ops.
====Management by Committee====
Some co-ops are run by a management committee. This means only a small group of members make the decisions on how the co-op is run, and have legal responsibility for managing the co-op. Usually, a committee is elected by members in a yearly election, though not all committees work like this. Similar to a general meeting, a management committee can delegate tasks and decisions to individuals or smaller groups, or can employ staff. Hiring staff is more common for co-ops managed by committee than for co-ops managed by general meeting. The management committee should report back to a general meeting with the whole co-op, these will be happen less often than in a co-op managed by general meeting, perhaps only once a year. The general meeting can decide to sack the committee or re-elect them and can vote on other proposals put to a general meeting, but generally doesn't have much other input. This can make it difficult for members who are not on the committee to have a voice in decision-making, particularly on a short time-scale.

Co-ops managed by committee are usually larger co-ops, where the large number of members makes it more difficult to manage by general meeting.

{{simplebox
| title = Radical Routes recommends
| content = Radical Routes recommends management by General Meeting - control of the co-op is shared by all members and cannot be restricted to just a few members.
| icon = fontawesome-fish.svg
}}

==Other Models of Housing Co-ops ==
If you want to set up a co-op that is ''not'' fully-mutual, par-value, in common ownership, and managed by General Meeting - there are other models available to run co-operatives, or non co-op housing with varying levels of tenant control. We have listed 3 here - short life co-ops, buy-in co-ops, and Tenant Management Organisations.

In terms of what a housing co-operative can be, both short life co-ops and TMOs are halfway between a Radical Routes-style housing co-op and traditional renting, in that tenants have more control over their housing than in traditional renting, but there is still a landlord with ultimate control over the property. As well as these options, new models are emerging such as [https://www.lilac.coop/ LILAC (Low Impact Living Affordable Community)], which combines an element of buy-in and renting.

The RRFM14 (Radical Routes Fully Mutual 2014) housing co-op model rules are a template set of model rules registered with the FCA, that only permit fully-mutual, par-value, in common ownership, and managed by General Meeting. For this reason, we only focus on this style of housing co-op in this toolkit and some sections of this toolkit may be less relevant to other models. We suggest contacting [https://www.cch.coop/ Confederation of Co-operative Housing], [https://cohousing.org.uk/ UK Cohousing], [https://www.communitylandtrusts.org.uk/ National Community Land Trust Network] or [https://www.communityledhomes.org.uk/ Community Led Homes] to find out more about other forms of Community Led Housing.

===Short Life Co-ops===
Short life co-ops usually take over buildings in poor condition, perhaps due for renovation or demolition, which are otherwise unlettable. These properties may be owned by individuals, companies or councils.

The members and the nature of the properties taken on by short life co-ops vary widely. There may be a few members living in multiple occupancy of a flat above a shop, or there may be members in families occupying an entire street of houses. The rent the owners charge the co-operative is often minimal, because of the condition of the buildings. If a council has buildings it cannot afford to renovate for its own tenants, it may be willing to let them cheaply or free to a co-op. It is often possible to persuade owners this is a good idea as it helps prevent vandalism and further deterioration. Such agreements have sometimes extended over years where delays occurred in the planning process or a council did not have the money needed to renovate its properties. The rent the co-op charges its members should cover the landlord's rent plus management costs, which includes money to pay for any work needed on the houses.

In the past short life co-ops were sometimes formed by squatters who agreed with the owner to stay for a length of time or to make improvements to the property. Since squatting in residential buildings has been criminalised this is now much less likely to happen.

===Tenant Management Organisation (TMO)===
A TMO rents or manages property from a landlord who may be a private individual, company, council or local housing association. The co-operative has an agreement with the owner of the property which says what the co-operative is responsible for, normally membership and maintenance. The cost of the responsibility taken on by the co-op is calculated and the money is either taken out of the rent by the co-operative or the owner repays the co-operative an agreed amount to cover its costs. Co-ops have sometimes managed to accrue pots of money under this arrangement that have then been used to buy property.

TMOs are similar to short life coops in that they do not own the properties their members live in. They differ in that their housing is usually better quality and more long-term.

If you plan to buy a house and live together as a co-operative, but the group has not lived together before, you might consider renting a house and operating as a TMO before taking the plunge. It may be possible to rent a large house as a group at a cheaper rate than if each person were to rent a room separately. The co-op also gets a base from which to plan your next move.

===Buy-in co-operatives===
These are co-ops where members have to buy a share of the property in order to join and sell that share when they leave. This can be either outright or with a mortgage so is much like the open property market, except that the co-op can choose only to sell to people who fit in with their community's membership requirements. Most likely this will mean committing some time to working or participating in that community. There isn't a sponsoring body for this type of organisation but there are examples like [https://glenkerry.org.uk/overview Glen Kerry Cooperative], and [https://www.oldhall.org.uk/about-us/ Old Hall Community].

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{{documentation subpage}}

{{tsh|-|clr}}
Shorthand for <syntaxhighlight inline lang="html"><div style="clear: both;"></div></syntaxhighlight>.
== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateData header}}
<templatedata>
{
"description": "Clear floating block-level elements without line break",
"params": {
"1": {
"label": "clear",
"description": "CSS clear: left, right, both, none",
"default": "both",
"type": "string"
}
}
}
</templatedata>
<includeonly>{{Sandbox other||

[[Category:Formatting templates{{#translation:}}]]
[[Category:Typing-aid templates{{#translation:}}]]
[[Category:Utility templates{{#translation:}}]]
}}</includeonly>

Module:Loops

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-- <nowiki>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Lua module implementing features similar to [[mw:Extension:Loops]].
--
-- @module lööps
-- @alias loops
-- @author [[User:ExE Boss]]
-- @require [[Module:TableTools]]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

local libraryUtil = require("libraryUtil");
local tableTools = require("Module:TableTools");

local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType;
local checkTypeForNamedArg = libraryUtil.checkTypeForNamedArg;

local ustring = mw.ustring;
local loops = {};

local function userError(message)
return '<strong class="error">' .. message .. '</strong>';
end

local function escapePattern(pattern)
return ustring.gsub(pattern, "([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]])", "%%%1")
end

local function isFrame(frame)
return type(frame) == "table"
and type(frame.args) == "table"
and type(frame.getParent) == "function";
end

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Preprocesses text escaped using the [[mw:Extension:DynamicPageList3]] method.
--
-- @function loops._preprocess
-- @param {Frame} frame
-- @param {string} msg
-- @return {string}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local function preprocess(frame, msg)
msg = ustring.gsub(msg, "«", "<");
msg = ustring.gsub(msg, "»", ">");
msg = ustring.gsub(msg, "¦", "|");
msg = ustring.gsub(msg, "²{", "{{");
msg = ustring.gsub(msg, "}²", "}}");
return frame:preprocess(msg);
end
loops._preprocess = preprocess;

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- @param {Frame|table} args
-- @return {number}
-- @usage {{#invoke:Loops|numArgs}}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function loops.numArgs(frame)
checkType("numArgs", 1, frame, "table");
local args;
if (isFrame(frame)) then
args = (frame:getParent() or frame).args;
else
args = frame;
end
return tableTools.length(args);
end

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- @param {Frame} args
-- @return {string}
--
-- @usage {{#invoke:Loops|forNumArgs|template string}}
-- @usage {{#invoke:Loops|forNumArgs|value pattern|template string}}
-- @usage {{#invoke:Loops|forNumArgs|key pattern|value pattern|template string}}
-- @usage
-- {{#invoke:Loops|forNumArgs
-- | template = template string
-- }}
-- @usage
-- {{#invoke:Loops|forNumArgs
-- | value = value pattern
-- | template = template string
-- }}
-- @usage
-- {{#invoke:Loops|forNumArgs
-- | key = key pattern
-- | template = template string
-- }}
-- @usage
-- {{#invoke:Loops|forNumArgs
-- | key = key pattern
-- | value = value pattern
-- | template = template string
-- }}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function loops.forNumArgs(frame)
local frameArgs, parentArgs;
checkType("numArgs", 1, frame, "table");
if (isFrame(frame)) then
frameArgs = frame.args;
parentArgs = frame:getParent().args;
else
return error("forNumArgs only supports invocation");
end

local kPattern, vPattern, template;
local frameNumArgs = tableTools.length(frameArgs);
if (frameNumArgs >= 3) then
kPattern = frameArgs[1];
vPattern = frameArgs[2];
template = frameArgs[3];
elseif (frameNumArgs >= 2) then
vPattern = frameArgs[1];
template = frameArgs[2];
else
template = frameArgs[1];
end

kPattern = frameArgs.key or kPattern;
vPattern = frameArgs.value or vPattern;
template = frameArgs.template or template;

checkTypeForNamedArg("forNumArgs", "key", kPattern, "string", true);
checkTypeForNamedArg("forNumArgs", "value", vPattern, "string", true);
checkTypeForNamedArg("forNumArgs", "template", template, "string", true);

if (template == nil) then
return userError("Must supply template parameter to forNumArgs");
end

vPattern = vPattern or "$1";
if (kPattern ~= nil) then
if (#kPattern > 0) then
if (kPattern == vPattern) then
return userError("key pattern must be different from value pattern");
end
kPattern = escapePattern(kPattern);
else
kPattern = nil;
end
elseif (vPattern ~= "$2") then
kPattern = "%$2";
end
if (#vPattern == 0) then
vPattern = nil;
else
vPattern = escapePattern(vPattern);
end

local result = {};
local v, msg;
for k = 1, tableTools.length(parentArgs) do
v = parentArgs[k];
if (v ~= nil) then
msg = template;
if (kPattern) then
msg = ustring.gsub(msg, kPattern, (ustring.gsub(tostring(k), "%%", "%%%%")));
end
if (vPattern) then
msg = ustring.gsub(msg, vPattern, (ustring.gsub(tostring(v), "%%", "%%%%")));
end
result[#result + 1] = preprocess(frame, msg);
end
end

return table.concat(result);
end

return loops;

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<onlyinclude><span class="plainlinks">[{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#if:1|{{{1|{{{URL|{{{url}}}}}}}}} {{{2|{{{NAME|{{{name|}}}}}}}}}}}]</span></onlyinclude>
{{Documentation}}

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<onlyinclude>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifexist:{{{1}}}
|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}Plain link|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}fullurl:{{{1}}}|redirect=no}}|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|{{{1}}}}}}}
|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{2|}}}
|[[:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME:{{{1}}}}}|{{{2}}}]]
|[[:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME:{{{1}}}}}]]
}}
}}</onlyinclude>
{{Documentation}}

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<onlyinclude><templatestyles src="Template:Mono/styles.css"/><span class="monospaced">{{{1}}}</span></onlyinclude>
{{Documentation}}

Template:Template shortcut

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<languages />
<onlyinclude><indicator name="tpl-shortcut">{{Badge|content=<translate> {{<tvar name=1>PLURAL:<includeonly>{{#invoke:Loops|numArgs}}</includeonly><noinclude>1</noinclude></tvar>|shortcut|shortcuts}}:</translate> <noinclude>{{mono|nowrap=1|{{{{No redirect|Template:tsh|tsh}}}}}}</noinclude>{{#invoke:Loops|forNumArgs| {{mono|nowrap=1|{{#if:{{yesno|{{{target|}}}}}|²{tl¦$1}²|{{²{No redirect¦Template:$1¦$1}²}}}}}} }}}}</indicator></onlyinclude>
{{Documentation|content=
{{Lua|Module:Loops}}
== TemplateData ==
{{Template:Template shortcut/doc}}

<translate>
== See also == 
</translate>
* {{tlx|Shortcut}}
}}

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<languages />
<onlyinclude><indicator name="tpl-shortcut">{{Badge|content={{PLURAL:<includeonly>{{#invoke:Loops|numArgs}}</includeonly><noinclude>1</noinclude>|shortcut|shortcuts}}: <noinclude>{{mono|nowrap=1|{{{{No redirect|Template:tsh|tsh}}}}}}</noinclude>{{#invoke:Loops|forNumArgs| {{mono|nowrap=1|{{#if:{{yesno|{{{target|}}}}}|²{tl¦$1}²|{{²{No redirect¦Template:$1¦$1}²}}}}}} }}}}</indicator></onlyinclude>
{{Documentation|content=
{{Lua|Module:Loops}}
== TemplateData ==
{{Template:Template shortcut/doc}}

== See also ==
* {{tlx|Shortcut}}
}}

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#REDIRECT [[Template:Template shortcut]]

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.tpl-badge {
background-color: #eaf3ff;
border-radius: 10px;
display: inline-block;
font-size: 90%;
padding: 5px 8px;
}

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<onlyinclude><div class="mw-parser-output"><templatestyles src="Template:Badge/styles.css"/><div class="tpl-badge {{{class|}}}" {{#if:{{{style|}}}|style="{{{style}}}"}}>{{{content}}}</div></div></onlyinclude>
{{Documentation}}

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<div style="clear: {{{1|both}}};"></div><noinclude>
{{Documentation}}</noinclude>

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<includeonly>{{#switch:{{{1}}}|1|#default={{Lorem Ipsum}}
|2={{Lorem Ipsum}}<br/><br/>{{Lorem Ipsum}}<br/>
|3={{Lorem Ipsum}}<br/><br/>{{Lorem Ipsum}}<br/><br/>{{Lorem Ipsum}}<br/>
|4={{Lorem Ipsum}}<br/><br/>{{Lorem Ipsum}}<br/><br/>{{Lorem Ipsum}}<br/><br/>{{Lorem Ipsum}}<br/>
}}{{clear}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation|content=

{{Lorem Ipsum}}

;Purpose:Provide a quick "boilerplate" filler text used solely as a template debugging aid, to examine wrapping, nesting, and margins or padding in template design and testing.
;Usage:This template merely displays the latin paragraph shown above, but does so up to four times defined by <nowiki>{{{1}}}</nowiki> and displays (calls) [[Template:Lorem Ipsum]] N=(1-4) times with appropriate line breaks.
;related:
*[[Template:Lorem Ipsum]], the source of that Latin paragraph.

}}
</noinclude>

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[[w:Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum]] dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
<noinclude>
</noinclude>

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<includeonly>{{Languages|Template:Mbox}}</includeonly>
{{Mbox templates}}
{{Documentation subpage}}

{{Lua|Module:Message box}}
{{Uses TemplateStyles
| Module:Message box/ambox.css
| Module:Message box/cmbox.css
| Module:Message box/imbox.css
| Module:Message box/ombox.css
| Module:Message box/tmbox.css
}}
{{High-use|15,000}}

This is the {{tlx|mbox}} or '''multi namespace message box''' meta-template.

This meta-template is used to build message box templates that are used on several types of pages and thus need to change style depending on what page they are used on. Based on page type detected it uses one of {{tlx|ambox}}, {{tlx|tmbox}}, {{tlx|imbox}}, {{tlx|cmbox}} and {{tlx|ombox}}.

Note that this template should only be used for message boxes that really need to adapt their style. Most message boxes do not need this and should use one of {{tlx|ambox}}, {{tlx|tmbox}}, {{tlx|imbox}}, {{tlx|cmbox}} or {{tlx|ombox}} directly. Using those templates directly means that your template will look the same on its template page and at any other place you show it, which makes it clear on what kind of pages it is supposed to be used. It also gives you access to any extra features those templates offer, and it saves some server load.

== Usage ==
This template takes the same parameters as {{tlx|ambox}} and {{tlx|imbox}} etc. See full documentation there.

Some of the boxes this template calls only handles images of max 52px width, thus that limitation also applies to this template or you will get ugly padding problems.

== Demospace ==
This template optionally takes the "demospace" parameter to specify a namespace for testing and demonstration purposes. If you want to lock your message box to one style then instead use one of the other mboxes directly.

Namespace "Image:" was renamed to "File:" on 11 December 2008. This template was updated to understand both names well before that, thus it still works fine. For backwards compatibility it still understands "demospace = image" which means the same thing as "demospace = file". But using "demospace = image" is now deprecated.

Namespace "Book:" was added to the English Wikipedia on 28 December 2009. This template uses the {{tlx|ombox}} style on "Book:" pages or when "demospace=book". And it uses the {{tlx|tmbox}} style on "Book talk:" pages or when "demospace=talk". Note that "demospace=talk" means any talk space, there is no "demospace=book talk".

== Parameters ==
List of all parameters:

<pre>
{{mbox
| demospace = {{{demospace|}}} / main / talk / file / category / other
| type = speedy / delete / content / style / notice / move / protection
| image = none / [[File:Some image.svg|40px]]
| imageright = [[File:Some image.svg|40px]]
| style = CSS values
| textstyle = CSS values
| text = The message body text.
| small = {{{small|}}} / left / yes
| smallimage = none / [[Image:Some image.svg|30px]]
| smallimageright = none / [[Image:Some image.svg|30px]]
| smalltext = A shorter message body text.
}}
</pre>

Note: The small parameters only have effect when the template is on an article, talk page or an "other" page. For documentation on the small parameters see {{tlx|ambox}}, {{tlx|tmbox}} and {{tlx|ombox}}. Using the small parameters when they are not valid has no effect, but also does no harm.

=== TemplateData ===
{{TemplateData header}}
<templatedata>
{
"description": "This is the {{mbox}} or “multi namespace message box” meta-template.",
"format": "block",
"params": {
"demospace": {
"label": "Demo Namespace",
"suggestedvalues": [
"main",
"talk",
"file",
"category",
"other"
],
"type": "string"
},
"type": {
"label": "Type",
"suggestedvalues": [
"speedy",
"delete",
"content",
"style",
"notice",
"move",
"protection"
],
"type": "string",
"default": "notice",
"suggested": true
},
"image": {
"label": "Image (left)",
"suggestedvalues": [
"none"
],
"default": "Depends on the “type” parameter.",
"suggested": true,
"type": "content"
},
"imageright": {
"label": "Image (right)",
"type": "content"
},
"style": {
"label": "CSS Style",
"type": "string"
},
"textstyle": {
"label": "Text CSS Style",
"type": "string"
},
"text": {
"label": "Text",
"suggested": true,
"type": "content"
},
"small": {
"label": "Small?",
"suggestedvalues": [
"{{{small|}}}",
"left",
"yes",
"1"
],
"default": "0",
"type": "boolean"
},
"smallimage": {
"label": "Small Image (left)",
"suggestedvalues": [
"none"
],
"default": "{{{image}}}",
"type": "content"
},
"smallimageright": {
"label": "Small Image (right)",
"suggestedvalues": [
"none"
],
"default": "{{{imageright}}}",
"type": "content"
},
"smalltext": {
"label": "Small Text",
"default": "{{{text}}}",
"type": "content"
}
}
}
</templatedata>

== Message boxes ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Template
! Description
|-
| {{tlx|ambox}}
| Article message box, identifies problems or issues with the article
|-
| {{tlx|cmbox}}
| Category message box, {{tlx|ambox}} for categories
|-
| {{tlx|imbox}}
| Image message box, {{tlx|ambox}} for file (image) pages
|-
| {{tlx|ombox}}
| Other pages message box, {{tlx|ambox}} for pages of the types User, Wikipedia, MediaWiki, Template, Help, Portal and any new future namespaces
|-
| {{tlx|tmbox}}
| Talk page message box, {{tlx|ambox}} for talk pages
|-
! colspan = 2 | The following templates are not called by Mbox
|-
| {{tlx|fmbox}}
| used in system messages
|}

== See also ==
* [[w:Wikipedia:Classes in Ambox]] – Describes how to use the ambox CSS classes directly in [[w:Help:Table|wikitables]] and [[w:HTML element#Tables|HTML tables]].
* [[w:Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Article message boxes]] – The style guideline for creating article message boxes.
* [[w:Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Article message boxes]] – For discussion about these matters.

<includeonly>{{Sandbox other||

[[Category:Mbox templates{{#translation:}}]]
}}</includeonly>

Template:Tlx

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<onlyinclude><templatestyles src="Template:Mono/styles.css"/>{{#if:{{yesno|{{{nowrap|}}}}}|<templatestyles src="Template:Nowrap/styles.css"/>}}<span class="
monospaced
{{#if:{{yesno|{{{nowrap|}}}}}|nowrap}}
">{{((}}<noinclude>[[Template:Tlx|tlx]]</noinclude><includeonly>[[{{#if:{{{SISTER|}}}|{{{SISTER}}}Template|{{ns:10}}}}:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]</includeonly>{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{!}}{{{2}}}}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{!}}{{{3}}}}}{{#if:{{{4|}}}|{{!}}{{{4}}}}}{{#if:{{{5|}}}|{{!}}{{{5}}}}}{{#if:{{{6|}}}|{{!}}{{{6}}}}}{{#if:{{{7|}}}|{{!}}{{{7}}}}}{{#if:{{{8|}}}|{{!}}''...''}}{{))}}</span></onlyinclude>
{{documentation}}

Template:Mbox

2023-11-16T16:37:40Z

Darael: 2 revisions imported

{{#invoke:Message box|mbox}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>